ISLAMABAD — November 20, 2025: A new report by the US-China Economic and Security Review Commission (USCC) has revealed that China “opportunistically leveraged” the May 2025 India–Pakistan conflict to test and promote its advanced weapon systems, deepening its military partnership with Pakistan and reshaping the security environment in South Asia.
The bipartisan commission, which reports annually to the US Congress, stated that the four-day confrontation from May 7 to 10 provided Beijing an opportunity to assess the battlefield performance of its modern platforms and highlight their capabilities to potential global buyers.
The conflict followed the April 22 attack in Pahalgam, Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir, where 26 civilians were killed. India blamed Pakistan-based militants and launched missile and air strikes on targets in Pakistan and Azad Kashmir. Pakistan retaliated with drone, artillery, and missile strikes. The exchange left dozens dead on both sides and was described by analysts as the most intense India–Pakistan engagement in nearly 50 years before a US-backed ceasefire took effect on May 10.
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The report notes that India accused China of providing “live inputs” on over 100 Indian military positions during the clashes — a claim denied by both Beijing and Islamabad — underscoring growing concerns in New Delhi over China’s expanding role in regional security dynamics.
According to the commission, the confrontation marked the first combat use of several Chinese systems in Pakistan’s arsenal, including HQ-9 air defence batteries, PL-15 air-to-air missiles, and J-10 fighter jets. The report states that Pakistan’s battlefield performance “was closely tied” to these Chinese platforms, and that Chinese embassies later referenced the systems’ combat effectiveness in outreach aimed at boosting arms sales.
The USCC cited Stockholm International Peace Research Institute data showing China supplied nearly 82% of Pakistan’s arms imports between 2019 and 2023. Following the May conflict, Beijing reportedly offered Islamabad 40 next-generation J-35 fighter jets, KJ-500 early-warning aircraft, and new ballistic-missile defence systems. Pakistan has already announced a 20% increase in its 2025–26 defence budget, raising allocations to roughly $9 billion.
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The commission also pointed to broader defence collaboration between the two countries, including Warrior-VIII counterterrorism exercises in late 2024 and China’s participation in Pakistan’s AMAN naval drills in early 2025. Indian analysts have repeatedly described these developments as a direct challenge to India’s security posture.
The report further highlights a Chinese-linked online disinformation campaign that circulated after the clashes, aimed at undermining India’s French-built Rafale jets and promoting China’s J-35 aircraft through fabricated battlefield narratives and coordinated social media activity.
Indian officials have continued to publicly voice concerns, warning that China’s support is shifting the military balance in Pakistan’s favour. Pakistani and Chinese authorities, however, maintain that Beijing played no operational role in the conflict.
The USCC concludes that future India–Pakistan crises are likely to unfold under the expanding influence of China’s defence industry, surveillance networks, and regional ambitions — a trend it says will complicate US crisis-management efforts and raise strategic risks across South Asia.
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